GRAPHQL Roadmap
52 sections • 747 topics
- 1. Understanding GraphQL vs REST
- 2. Understanding Query Language Concepts
- 3. Understanding Type System
- 4. Understanding Schema-first Design
- 5. Understanding Resolver Pattern
- Example: Resolver signature
- 6. Understanding GraphQL Execution
- Execution Pipeline
- 7. Understanding Single Endpoint Architecture
- 8. Understanding Request-Response Flow
- 9. Understanding GraphQL Advantages
- 10. Understanding GraphQL Trade-offs
- 1. Creating Schema Definition
- Example: Minimal SDL
- 2. Defining Root Query Type
- Example: Query root
- 3. Defining Root Mutation Type
- Example: Mutation with payload
- 4. Defining Root Subscription Type
- Example: Subscription
- 5. Using Schema Description Strings
- Example: Descriptions
- 6. Organizing Schema Files
- Example: Loading multiple SDL files
- 7. Extending Schema Definitions
- Example: Module extends Query
- 8. Naming Conventions for Types
- 9. Naming Conventions for Fields
- 10. Using Comments in Schema
- 11. Validating Schema Design
- 1. Using Built-in Scalars
- 2. Defining Custom Scalar Types
- Example: Custom DateTime scalar
- 3. Implementing Scalar Serialization
- 4. Implementing Scalar Parsing
- 5. Validating Scalar Values
- Example: Throw on invalid input
- 6. Creating Date Scalar
- 7. Creating JSON Scalar
- 8. Creating Email Scalar
- Example: EmailAddress via graphql-scalars
- 9. Creating URL Scalar
- 10. Creating Upload Scalar
- 1. Creating Object Types
- Example: Object type
- 2. Defining Fields with Types
- 3. Making Fields Required
- 4. Making Fields Nullable
- 5. Defining Field Arguments
- Example: Arguments with defaults
- 6. Setting Default Argument Values
- 7. Using Type References
- 8. Implementing Interfaces
- Example: Implements Node
- 9. Creating Abstract Types
- 10. Organizing Related Types
- 1. Defining Input Object Types
- Example: Input definition
- 2. Using Input Types in Arguments
- Example: Single input arg pattern
- 3. Nesting Input Objects
- Example: Nested address input
- 4. Setting Input Field Defaults
- 5. Validating Input Data
- 6. Creating Reusable Inputs
- 7. Input vs Output Types
- 8. Naming Input Types
- 9. Using OneOf Input Objects
- Example: OneOf input
- 10. Handling Optional Input Fields
- 1. Creating Interface Types
- Example: Interface
- 2. Implementing Interfaces
- Example: Multiple interfaces
- 3. Defining Common Fields
- 4. Querying Interface Fields
- Example: Interface field selection
- 5. Resolving Abstract Types
- Example: __resolveType
- 6. Interface Implementing Interface
- Example: Hierarchical interfaces
- 7. Using Type Conditions
- 8. Creating Polymorphic Schemas
- 9. Designing Interface Hierarchies
- 10. Choosing Interface vs Type
- 1. Creating Union Types
- Example: Search union
- 2. Defining Union Members
- 3. Querying Union Types
- Example: Selecting from union
- 4. Using Type Conditions
- 5. Resolving Union Types
- Example: __resolveType for union
- 6. Creating Search Result Unions
- 7. Creating Error Unions
- Example: Result-or-error union
- 8. Combining Unions with Interfaces
- 9. Narrowing Union Types
- 10. Choosing Union vs Interface
- 1. Defining Enum Types
- Example: Enum declaration
- 2. Using Enum Values
- 3. Providing Enum Descriptions
- Example: Per-value descriptions
- 4. Mapping Enum Values
- Example: Internal value mapping
- 5. Deprecating Enum Values
- Example: @deprecated value
- 6. Using Enums in Arguments
- Example: Filter by enum
- 7. Using Enums in Filters
- 8. Creating Status Enums
- Example: Order status
- 9. Creating Role Enums
- Example: Role-based access
- 10. Validating Enum Values
- 1. Understanding Null Propagation
- Example: Null bubbles up
- 2. Making Fields Non-nullable
- 3. Making Arguments Non-nullable
- 4. Handling Null Values
- 5. Using Null as Default
- 6. Validating Null Inputs
- Example: Distinguish omitted vs explicit null
- 7. Returning Null vs Empty
- 8. Null in Lists
- 9. Designing Null-safe Schemas
- 10. Using Maybe Types
- 1. Understanding Built-in Directives
- 2. Using @skip Directive
- Example: Conditional skip
- 3. Using @include Directive
- Example: Conditional include
- 4. Using @deprecated Directive
- Example: Field deprecation
- 5. Creating Custom Directives
- Example: Custom directive declaration
- 6. Defining Directive Locations
- 7. Implementing Directive Logic
- Example: @upper via schema mapper
- 8. Using Schema Directives
- 9. Creating Auth Directives
- Example: @auth implementation
- 10. Creating Validation Directives
- 11. Creating Formatting Directives
- 12. Repeating Directives
- Example: Repeatable directive
- 1. Understanding @defer Directive
- 2. Using @defer for Slow Fields
- Example: Defer slow nested data
- 3. Understanding @stream Directive
- 4. Using @stream for Large Lists
- Example: Stream comments
- 5. Implementing Incremental Delivery
- 6. Handling Deferred Responses
- Example: Initial then incremental payloads
- 7. Handling Streamed Responses
- 8. Combining @defer and @stream
- Example: Defer fragment containing streamed list
- 9. Understanding Browser Support
- 10. Using with Apollo Client
- Example: Apollo Client setup
- 1. Creating Basic Queries
- 2. Using Query Arguments
- Example: Field arguments
- 3. Nesting Query Fields
- 4. Using Aliases
- Example: Aliases for duplicate fields
- 5. Requesting Multiple Root Fields
- Example: Single round-trip
- 6. Using Field Arguments
- 7. Selecting Scalar Fields
- 8. Selecting Object Fields
- Example: Nested objects
- 9. Querying Lists
- Example: List handling
- 10. Using Query Variables
- Example: Variables
- 11. Setting Query Operation Name
- 1. Defining Named Fragments
- Example: Named fragment
- 2. Using Fragment Spreads
- 3. Creating Inline Fragments
- Example: Inline fragment
- 4. Reusing Fragments
- 5. Using Type Conditions
- 6. Nesting Fragments
- Example: Composed fragments
- 7. Using Fragment Variables
- 8. Organizing Fragment Libraries
- 9. Using Interface Fragments
- Example: Interface fragment
- 10. Using Union Fragments
- Example: Union with fragments
- 1. Declaring Variables
- 2. Using Variables in Arguments
- Example: Variable usage
- 3. Making Variables Required
- 4. Setting Default Values
- Example: Default variable
- 5. Using Input Objects as Variables
- Example: Input object variable
- 6. Passing Variables from Client
- 7. Validating Variable Types
- 8. Using Variables in Directives
- Example: Variable-controlled directive
- 9. Handling Null Variables
- 10. Organizing Complex Variables
- 1. Defining Mutation Fields
- 2. Using Mutation Arguments
- Example: Single input arg
- 3. Returning Mutation Payload
- 4. Creating Records
- Example: Create mutation
- 5. Updating Records
- 6. Deleting Records
- Example: Delete returns id
- 7. Using Input Objects
- 8. Returning Updated Data
- Example: Return entity to update cache
- 9. Handling Mutation Errors
- 10. Using Mutation Variables
- Example: Mutation with variables
- 11. Batching Mutations
- 12. Implementing Optimistic Updates
- Example: Apollo optimistic response
- 1. Defining Subscription Fields
- 2. Setting Up Subscription Server
- Example: graphql-ws + Apollo Server
- 3. Subscribing to Events
- Example: Resolver with PubSub
- 4. Publishing Events
- Example: Publish from mutation
- 5. Filtering Subscription Events
- Example: withFilter
- 6. Using Subscription Variables
- 7. Handling Subscription Lifecycle
- 8. Implementing Real-time Updates
- 9. Using Subscription Resolvers
- 10. Handling Subscription Errors
- 11. Securing Subscriptions
- 1. Understanding Resolver Function
- 2. Implementing Field Resolvers
- Example: Field resolver map
- 3. Using Parent Argument
- 4. Using Args Argument
- 5. Using Context Argument
- Example: Context with auth + DB
- 6. Using Info Argument
- 7. Returning Resolver Values
- 8. Implementing Default Resolvers
- 9. Chaining Resolvers
- Example: Resolver chain
- 10. Using Async Resolvers
- 11. Implementing Computed Fields
- Example: Computed field
- 12. Mapping Data Sources
- 1. Creating Context Object
- 2. Adding User Authentication
- Example: Verify JWT in context
- 3. Adding Database Connections
- 4. Adding Data Loaders
- Example: Per-request loaders
- 5. Adding Request Information
- 6. Sharing Context Across Resolvers
- 7. Implementing Context Functions
- Example: Apollo Server context fn
- 8. Using Context for Authorization
- Example: Role check
- 9. Adding Logger to Context
- 10. Managing Context Lifecycle
- 1. Understanding N+1 Problem
- 2. Creating DataLoader Instance
- Example: Basic loader
- 3. Implementing Batch Function
- 4. Using DataLoader in Resolver
- Example: Loader in resolver
- 5. Batching Database Queries
- Example: SQL IN batch
- 6. Caching Loaded Data
- 7. Clearing DataLoader Cache
- 8. Priming DataLoader Cache
- Example: Prime after fetch
- 9. Handling Load Errors
- 10. Creating Multiple Loaders
- 11. Using Loader with Foreign Keys
- Example: One-to-many loader
- 1. Understanding Pagination Patterns
- 2. Implementing Offset Pagination
- Example: Offset args
- 3. Implementing Cursor Pagination
- 4. Using Relay Connection Spec
- Example: Relay Connection schema
- 5. Creating PageInfo Type
- 6. Implementing Forward Pagination
- Example: Forward pagination resolver
- 7. Implementing Backward Pagination
- 8. Creating Edge Type
- 9. Generating Cursors
- 10. Handling Empty Results
- 11. Setting Page Size Limits
- Example: Cap page size
- 12. Implementing Total Count
- 1. Defining Filter Input Types
- Example: Composable filter
- 2. Using Comparison Operators
- 3. Using Logical Operators
- Example: AND/OR/NOT
- 4. Implementing String Filters
- 5. Implementing Date Filters
- Example: Date filter
- 6. Implementing Null Filters
- 7. Defining Sort Input Types
- Example: Sort input
- 8. Using Sort Direction
- 9. Implementing Multi-field Sorting
- Example: Multi-field sort
- 10. Combining Filters and Sorting
- 1. Defining Search Fields
- Example: Search query field
- 2. Using Search Arguments
- 3. Implementing Full-text Search
- 4. Implementing Fuzzy Search
- 5. Using Search Operators
- 6. Implementing Search Filters
- Example: Faceted search
- 7. Implementing Search Sorting
- 8. Highlighting Search Results
- Example: Highlight field
- 9. Implementing Search Pagination
- 10. Optimizing Search Performance
- 1. Creating Batch Mutations
- Example: Batch create
- 2. Using Input Lists
- 3. Returning Batch Results
- 4. Handling Partial Failures
- 5. Validating Batch Size
- Example: Cap batch input
- 6. Implementing Transactional Batches
- Example: DB transaction
- 7. Optimizing Batch Performance
- 8. Using Batch Loaders
- 9. Implementing Batch Queries
- Example: Batch get
- 10. Returning Batch Metadata
- 1. Throwing Errors in Resolvers
- Example: Throw GraphQLError
- 2. Using GraphQLError Class
- 3. Adding Error Extensions
- Example: Rich extensions
- 4. Formatting Error Responses
- Example: formatError hook
- 5. Handling Validation Errors
- 6. Handling Authentication Errors
- Example: 401-style error
- 7. Handling Authorization Errors
- Example: 403-style error
- 8. Handling Not Found Errors
- 9. Masking Internal Errors
- 10. Logging Errors
- 11. Returning Partial Data
- 12. Using Error Codes
- 1. Understanding Error Unions
- 2. Creating Success and Error Types
- Example: Result union
- 3. Returning Typed Errors
- Example: Resolver returning union
- 4. Querying Error Unions
- Example: Client query
- 5. Handling User Errors
- 6. Handling System Errors
- 7. Designing Error Hierarchies
- Example: Common error interface
- 8. Providing Error Details
- 9. Implementing Recoverable Errors
- 10. Combining with Exceptions
- 1. Understanding Validation Rules
- 2. Validating Query Syntax
- 3. Validating Field Selection
- 4. Validating Arguments
- 5. Validating Fragments
- 6. Validating Variables
- 7. Validating Directives
- 8. Creating Custom Validation Rules
- Example: Depth limit
- 9. Disabling Validation Rules
- 10. Handling Validation Errors
- Example: Validation error response
- 1. Validating JWT Tokens
- Example: JWT verification middleware
- 2. Adding User to Context
- 3. Protecting Resolvers
- Example: Auth helper
- 4. Creating Auth Directives
- 5. Handling Unauthenticated Requests
- 6. Implementing Login Mutation
- Example: Login
- 7. Implementing Logout Mutation
- 8. Refreshing Access Tokens
- Example: Refresh mutation
- 9. Using Session-based Auth
- 10. Implementing Social Auth
- 1. Implementing Role-based Access
- Example: RBAC check
- 2. Implementing Permission-based Access
- 3. Creating Auth Directives
- Example: Permission directive
- 4. Checking Field-level Permissions
- Example: Field-level check
- 5. Checking Object-level Permissions
- 6. Using Context for Permissions
- Example: Permission helper on context
- 7. Implementing Resource Authorization
- 8. Handling Unauthorized Access
- 9. Hiding Unauthorized Fields
- Example: Conditional null
- 10. Implementing Row-level Security
- 1. Protecting Sensitive Fields
- 2. Using Shield Directives
- Example: graphql-shield rule tree
- 3. Implementing Field Middleware
- 4. Masking Field Values
- Example: Mask credit card
- 5. Conditional Field Resolution
- 6. Auditing Field Access
- Example: Audit log on sensitive read
- 7. Rate Limiting Fields
- 8. Implementing Cost Analysis
- Example: graphql-cost-analysis
- 9. Hiding Fields by Role
- 10. Validating Field Arguments
- Example: Argument validation
- 1. Understanding Upload Scalar
- 2. Configuring Upload Middleware
- Example: graphql-upload setup
- 3. Defining Upload Mutation
- Example: Upload mutation SDL
- 4. Processing Uploaded Files
- Example: Stream to disk
- 5. Validating File Types
- 6. Validating File Size
- Example: Size cap
- 7. Storing Files
- 8. Generating File URLs
- 9. Handling Multiple Uploads
- Example: Parallel processing
- 10. Implementing Progress Tracking
- 1. Adding Deleted Flag
- 2. Adding Deleted Timestamp
- Example: Soft-delete schema
- 3. Filtering Deleted Records
- Example: Default filter
- 4. Implementing Restore Mutation
- 5. Implementing Permanent Delete
- Example: Hard purge
- 6. Showing Deleted Records
- 7. Using Deleted By Field
- 8. Cascading Soft Deletes
- Example: Cascade transactionally
- 9. Archiving Deleted Data
- 10. Implementing Trash/Recycle Bin
- Example: Trash query
- 1. Adding Created Timestamp
- 2. Adding Updated Timestamp
- 3. Adding Created By Field
- Example: Created/updated by
- 4. Adding Updated By Field
- 5. Logging Field Changes
- Example: Diff before/after
- 6. Implementing Audit Trail
- 7. Storing Change Metadata
- 8. Querying Audit Logs
- Example: Audit log query
- 9. Implementing Version History
- 10. Using Event Sourcing
- 1. Implementing Locale Arguments
- Example: locale arg
- 2. Translating Field Values
- 3. Using Translation Objects
- Example: All translations
- 4. Storing Translations
- 5. Implementing Fallback Locale
- Example: Locale fallback chain
- 6. Formatting Dates
- 7. Formatting Numbers
- 8. Formatting Currency
- Example: Money type
- 9. Implementing RTL Support
- 10. Using Accept-Language Header
- Example: Locale from header
- 1. Setting Up WebSocket Server
- Example: graphql-ws
- 2. Managing Connection Lifecycle
- 3. Implementing Live Queries
- 4. Using Server-sent Events
- Example: graphql-sse
- 5. Implementing Presence Features
- 6. Broadcasting Events
- Example: Redis-backed PubSub
- 7. Filtering Real-time Updates
- 8. Implementing Event Sourcing
- 9. Handling Connection Drops
- 10. Scaling Real-time Services
- 1. Understanding Query Complexity
- 2. Implementing Depth Limiting
- Example: graphql-depth-limit
- 3. Implementing Complexity Analysis
- Example: Cost analysis
- 4. Setting Query Timeouts
- 5. Using Persisted Queries
- 6. Implementing Query Batching
- 7. Using APQ
- Example: Automatic Persisted Queries (Apollo)
- 8. Implementing Field-level Caching
- Example: Cache hint
- 9. Optimizing Database Queries
- 10. Using Database Indexes
- 11. Implementing Read Replicas
- 1. Understanding Cache Levels
- 2. Using Response Caching
- Example: Yoga response cache
- 3. Implementing Cache Control
- 4. Setting Cache Hints
- Example: Apollo cacheControl
- 5. Using ETags
- 6. Implementing Field-level Cache
- 7. Using Redis Cache
- Example: Redis-backed loader
- 8. Implementing Cache Invalidation
- 9. Using Cache Keys
- 10. Configuring Cache TTL
- 1. Understanding Rate Limit Strategies
- 2. Implementing IP-based Limits
- 3. Implementing User-based Limits
- Example: User rate limit
- 4. Implementing Query Complexity Limits
- 5. Using Rate Limit Headers
- 6. Implementing Throttling
- 7. Whitelisting Queries
- 8. Handling Rate Limit Errors
- Example: Throw rate-limit error
- 9. Using Redis for Rate Limiting
- 10. Implementing Burst Limits
- 1. Understanding HTTP Methods
- 2. Sending Query in Request Body
- Example: POST request
- 3. Sending Query in URL
- Example: GET request
- 4. Setting Content-Type Header
- 5. Handling HTTP Status Codes
- 6. Using Accept Header
- 7. Implementing CORS
- Example: Express CORS
- 8. Using GraphQL Endpoint
- 9. Batching HTTP Requests
- 10. Implementing Compression
- 1. Understanding Introspection System
- 2. Querying Schema Types
- Example: List all types
- 3. Querying Type Fields
- Example: Inspect a type
- 4. Querying Input Fields
- Example: Inspect input type
- 5. Querying Enum Values
- Example: Inspect enum
- 6. Querying Interfaces
- Example: Interfaces and implementers
- 7. Querying Possible Types
- 8. Disabling Introspection
- Example: Disable in production
- 9. Using __typename Field
- 10. Building Schema Documentation
- 11. Implementing Schema Diffing
- Example: graphql-inspector diff
- 1. Understanding Schema Composition
- 2. Merging Type Definitions
- Example: stitchSchemas
- 3. Delegating to Subschemas
- Example: delegateToSchema
- 4. Transforming Schemas
- 5. Handling Type Conflicts
- 6. Implementing Type Extensions
- Example: Extend across services
- 7. Forwarding Context
- 8. Batching Delegated Queries
- 9. Handling Errors in Stitching
- 10. Testing Stitched Schema
- 1. Understanding Federated Architecture
- 2. Defining Entity Types
- Example: Entity with @key
- 3. Extending External Types
- Example: Extend User in orders subgraph
- 4. Referencing External Fields
- 5. Requiring External Fields
- Example: @requires
- 6. Providing External Fields
- Example: @provides
- 7. Resolving Entity References
- Example: __resolveReference
- 8. Understanding Federated Queries
- 9. Implementing Federation Directives
- 10. Handling Cross-service Joins
- 1. Understanding Gateway Pattern
- 2. Setting Up Apollo Gateway
- Example: Apollo Router (recommended)
- 3. Configuring Supergraph Schema
- 4. Implementing Query Planning
- 5. Handling Service Health
- 6. Routing Requests
- 7. Implementing Custom Resolvers
- 8. Managing Service Updates
- 9. Handling Partial Failures
- 10. Monitoring Gateway Performance
- 1. Understanding API Versioning
- 2. Using Field Deprecation
- Example: Deprecating with reason
- 3. Implementing Graceful Deprecation
- Deprecation Lifecycle
- 4. Adding New Fields
- 5. Using Optional Arguments
- 6. Implementing Breaking Changes
- 7. Versioning with Namespaces
- Example: Namespace under root
- 8. Using Schema Directives
- 9. Communicating Changes
- 10. Migrating Clients
- 1. Setting Up Test Environment
- 2. Testing Queries
- Example: In-process query test
- 3. Testing Mutations
- Example: Mutation test
- 4. Testing Subscriptions
- Example: Subscribe test
- 5. Testing Resolvers
- 6. Mocking Data Sources
- Example: Schema mocking
- 7. Testing Error Handling
- 8. Testing Authentication
- Example: Auth scenarios
- 9. Testing Authorization
- 10. Using Schema Testing
- 11. Testing Performance
- 12. Snapshot Testing
- Example: Snapshot
- 1. Implementing Query Logging
- Example: Envelop logger plugin
- 2. Tracking Query Performance
- 3. Implementing Tracing
- 4. Using OpenTelemetry
- Example: OTel instrumentation
- 5. Tracking Error Rates
- 6. Implementing Health Checks
- Example: Liveness + readiness
- 7. Creating Performance Dashboards
- 8. Alerting on Errors
- 9. Tracking Schema Usage
- 10. Implementing Request ID
- Example: Trace correlation
- 1. Using GraphQL Playground
- 2. Using GraphiQL
- 3. Inspecting Query Execution
- Example: Print execution path
- 4. Using Debug Logging
- 5. Analyzing Query Performance
- 6. Tracing Resolver Execution
- Example: Per-resolver span
- 7. Debugging N+1 Queries
- 8. Profiling Memory Usage
- 9. Testing with Mock Data
- 10. Using Browser DevTools
- 1. Using GraphQL Code Generator
- Example: codegen.ts
- 2. Generating TypeScript Types
- 3. Using Apollo CLI
- 4. Using GraphQL Inspector
- 5. Using GraphQL ESLint
- Example: ESLint config
- 6. Generating SDK from Schema
- 7. Using Relay Compiler
- 8. Using GraphQL Config
- Example: graphql.config.ts
- 9. Using GraphQL Voyager
- 10. Using GraphQL Editor
- 1. Connecting to SQL Databases
- 2. Connecting to NoSQL Databases
- 3. Using ORM Integration
- 4. Mapping Types to Tables
- Example: Prisma → GraphQL
- 5. Generating Schema from Database
- 6. Implementing Query Builders
- 7. Using Connection Pooling
- 8. Handling Transactions
- Example: Prisma transaction
- 9. Implementing Database Migrations
- 10. Optimizing Database Access
- 1. Protecting Against Query Abuse
- 2. Implementing Query Whitelisting
- Example: Persisted-only mode
- 3. Preventing Schema Leakage
- 4. Validating Input Data
- 5. Implementing CSRF Protection
- Example: Apollo CSRF prevention
- 6. Securing WebSocket Connections
- 7. Implementing API Key Authentication
- Example: API key middleware
- 8. Using TLS/HTTPS
- 9. Auditing Security Vulnerabilities
- 10. Following OWASP Guidelines
- 1. Using Relay Connection Pattern
- Example: Connection types
- 2. Using Node Interface Pattern
- Example: Global ID
- 3. Implementing Viewer Pattern
- Example: Viewer root
- 4. Using Payload Types Pattern
- Example: Mutation payload
- 5. Implementing Result Types Pattern
- Example: Union result
- 6. Using Composition Pattern
- 7. Implementing Repository Pattern
- Example: Repository
- 8. Using Service Layer Pattern
- 9. Implementing Facade Pattern
- 10. Using Factory Pattern
- Example: Loader factory
- 1. Designing Schema for Flexibility
- 2. Using Consistent Naming Conventions
- 3. Documenting Schema Fields
- Example: Descriptions
- 4. Implementing Proper Error Handling
- 5. Using Input Validation
- 6. Implementing Security Best Practices
- 7. Optimizing Performance
- 8. Following GraphQL Specification
- 9. Using Nullable Fields Wisely
- 10. Keeping Schema Simple